Biosurfactantes: propiedades, clasificación, aplicaciones y perspectivas de producción sostenible
Keywords:
biosurfactantes, sostenibilidad, fermentación en estado sólido, biorremediación, tensioactivoAbstract
Los biosurfactantes son moléculas anfifílicas biosintetizadas por diversos microorganismos, las cuales presentan propiedades tensioactivas que permiten la reducción de la tensión superficial e interfacial. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar las condiciones y estrategias que optimizan la síntesis microbiana de estas biomoléculas. La metodología consistió en la revisión de literatura científica especializada, evaluando procesos de pretratamiento de sustratos, selección de microorganismos y los factores fisicoquímicos para optimizar rendimientos en la fermentación en estado sólido. Los resultados evidencian que la correcta preparación de sustratos, combinada con la elección de cepas microbianas apropiadas, incrementa significativamente la producción de biosurfactantes. No obstante, se requieren estudios adicionales que validen la aplicabilidad de estas configuraciones en entornos industriales, garantizando competitividad comercial. En conclusión, la integración de procesos de fermentación optimizados, pretratamientos adecuados y selección estratégica de microorganismos representa una vía prometedora para el escalamiento de la producción de biosurfactantes en biorrefinerías, contribuyendo a la valorización de residuos y a la consolidación de bioprocesos sostenibles.
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